URINE ANALYSIS AND CS( CULTURE AND SENSIVITY) Your urine may be tested for red blood cells (to see if you have urinary tract disease), white blood cells (to see if you have a urinary tract infection), and glucose (high levels may be a sign of diabetes mellitus). The amount of protein also is measured. The protein level early in pregnancy can be compared with levels later in pregnancy. High protein levels in the urine may be a sign of pre eclampsia, a serious complication that usually occurs later in pregnancy or after the baby is born. A urine culture tests your urine for bacteria, which can be a sign of a urinary tract infection. WHAT IS HEPATITIS B AND C Upto to 85% of infants born to mothers infected with hepatitis B (particularly mothers who are HBeAg positive, i.e. with active infection), will become carriers and will be more likely to develop chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis, liver failure or liver cancer.Transmission of the hepatitis B virus from mother to infant can be prevented by administration of the hepatitis B vaccine and immunoglobulin to the infant at birth, therefore screening is important. Women who are at increased risk of acquiring hepatitis B, e.g. women with sexual partners who are hepatitis B positive or intravenous drug users, are recommended to be vaccinated during pregnancy. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses infect the liver. Pregnant women who are infected with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus can pass the virus to their fetuses. All pregnant women are tested for hepatitis B virus infection. If you have risk factors, you also may be tested for the hepatitis C virus. to be continued---- dr nandini shete---gynecologist